“休克疗法”之父萨克斯：中国改革开放四十年成就将载入人类史册

解读中国工作室推出的系列短片《见证中国变革时代》，用镜头记录国际政要、海外知名学者眼中的改革开放四十年。今天推出第5集《贫困在中国是如何消失的》。

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杰弗里·萨克斯（Jeffrey Sachs），美国《时代》周刊称誉他"可能是世界上最重要的经济学家"。

萨克斯教授曾深度参与俄罗斯的市场化改革，是大名鼎鼎的“休克疗法”计划的制订者。不少计划经济信奉者，坚信是他毁掉了俄罗斯和东欧经济。

他由此被称为 “休克疗法之父”。

他多次为自己辩论，认为他主导的东欧国家市场化改革是成功的。俄罗斯市场化改革之所以失败，正是因为自己的“休克疗法”没有得到俄罗斯政府的完全执行，部分也因为美国等西方国家没有给予应有的支持。

作为自由市场经济的信奉者，萨克斯教授曾多次为中国说话。2018年的孟晚舟事件，他坚持自己的信念，撰写了《华为的战争》一文署名发表。在文中，萨克斯指出：

孟晚舟被指控违反了美国对伊朗制裁的法案。但值得思考的是，大量美国和外国公司都违反了美国对伊制裁法案。 可以毫不夸张地讲，这是美国对中国经济战争的一部分，而且是一场不计后果的战争。

杰弗里·萨克斯的著作《贫穷的终结》，详细解读了贫困在中国是如何消失的。

这是非常了不起的成就，对遍地贫困的非洲国家来说，这是一个很大的启发。我去非洲的时候，我就说中国消除贫困的速度是如此之快，你们应该借鉴，也可以这么做。所以中国是快速减贫的一个典范和启发。

Poverty come to an end in China is a great accomplishment and a great inspiration for places like Africa where there still are a lot of poverty but when I go to Africa I say you see how fast China ended poverty, you should, you can do the same thing. So China is a kind of model or inspiration for rapid poverty reduction.

中国正迈向可持续发展，只要你看一下十三五规划，或者面向2050年更为广阔的发展方向，你就能明白，这是关乎生态文明的，是关乎环境美化和安全的，也是关乎社会和谐、社会包容的。中国现在的发展方向很好地阐述了可持续发展的基本原则。

China is moving in the direction of sustainable development because if you look at the thirteenth plan or if you look at the broader direction of the country for 2050, it's now about eco-civilization, it's about beauty and a safe environment, it's about social harmony, social inclusion. So the big principles of sustainable development are well described by the Chinese direction right now.

萨克斯深刻分析了20世纪80年代初期各国与中国的处境，他直言当时中国是一个非常贫穷的农业社会，面临着诸多动荡。然而面对这种情况，中国找到了适合自己发展的道路。

1989年我为波兰政府提供咨询。冷战的人为分裂之后，波兰政府对于重新回归欧洲特别感兴趣。所以，他们问我如何尽快重建波兰和西欧之间的经济联系。但对中国而言，情况却大不相同。当时的中国是一个非常贫穷的农业社会，面临着诸多动荡。

When I was advising Poland in 1989, they had a particular interest which was to join back with Europe after the artificial division of the Cold War. So they asked me how could we reestablish the economic relations between Poland and Western Europe as fast as possible. For China, it was a very different situation. The situation in China was starting as a very poor rural society that had faced a lot of upheavals.

如何寻求前进的道路，当然，第一步就是进行农村改革，即家庭联产承包责任制，这是一个巨大的改变。5年之内，农村地区全都实行了家庭联产承包责任制，覆盖了亿万人民，经济变化非常非常之快。接着从20世纪80年代初期起，城市的改革从沿海地区和经济特区开展。因此，中国有独特的条件，有独特的需求，我认为这做得非常好。

How to find a way forward and the first steps, of course, were rural reform, the household responsibility system. That was a big change. Within five years, the whole rural region was changed to household responsibility covering hundreds of millions of people, very very fast economic change, and then starting in the early 1980s was the urban transformation beginning with the coastal areas and the special economic zones. So China had specific conditions and it had specific needs and I think it's done an excellent job.

在萨克斯看来，中国是诸多发展中国家的榜样，他经常把中国发展经验援引为供非洲国家发展的一种模式或方法。

对中国人民来说，改革开放是一股清新的空气。这些都是开端，但在经济发展的过程中，中国的发展速度要快于历史上的任何地区。中国经历了城镇化和工业化的各个阶段，如今是创新型经济，正向高质量、高科技经济转变。这一切发生在四十年之间，是一个十分了不起的成就。

The opening up was really for the Chinese people, a breath of fresh air. Those were the starting days but of course in economic development, things have moved faster here than in any other place in history. China went through all the phases of urbanization, heavy industrialization, now innovation economy and moved to high quality and high technology. It's happened within a 40-year period. It's an amazing accomplishment.

萨克斯强调，世界正处于一个深刻的历史变革时期。在这个变革时期，历史印记将会转至中国。

历史印记将会转至中国。因为10亿人在半个世纪内从极端贫困到消除了贫困，这是个十足非凡的贡献，更别说在四十年的时间里了。这将载入史册，不仅是一种记录，还是一种激励，这肯定能够实现。

The historical mark will be to have moved to China with more than a billion people from predominant poverty to the end of poverty in a half-century. It's a truly extraordinary contribution, even in a 40-year period one could say. So this will go down in history as not only a record but also as an inspiration and it will be achieved.

如今，《联合国2030年议程》指出，到2030年，我们应该消除世界各地的极端贫困。我希望中国发挥全球领导的作用，以帮助实现这一目标。中国将证明这是可行的，而且我认为中国可以为世界上的低收入国家作出卓越的贡献。

Now the world has said in the Agenda 2030 of the United Nations, that we should end extreme poverty everywhere by the year 2030. I would like China to play a global leadership role to help bring that about. It's China will have proved that it's feasible and I think China can make a huge contribution to the remaining low-income parts of the world.